Leukaemia is a type of cancer found in your blood and bone marrow and is caused by the rapid production of abnormal white blood cells. These abnormal white blood cells are not able to fight infection and impair the ability of the bone marrow to produce red blood cells and platelets.

Leukaemia can be either acute or chronic. Chronic leukaemia progresses more slowly than acute leukaemia, which requires immediate treatment. Leukaemia is also classified as lymphocytic or myelogenous. Lymphocytic leukaemia refers to abnormal cell growth in the marrow cells that become lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that plays a role in the immune system. In myelogenous leukaemia, abnormal cell growth occurs in the marrow cells that mature into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. There are four broad classifications of leukaemia:

Acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL)
Acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML)
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)
Chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML)
Leukaemia occurs in both adults and children. ALL is the most common form ofchildhood leukaemia, and AML is the second most common. Decades of research have led to vastly improved outcomes for children diagnosed with ALL. The two most common adult leukaemia are AML and CLL.

Am I at Risk?

Although experts are uncertain about the causes of leukaemia, they have identified several risk factors that include the following:

Exposure to high levels of radiation
Repeated exposure to certain chemicals (for example, benzene)
Chemotherapy
Down Syndrome
A strong family history of leukaemia

Symptoms vary depending on the type and stage of leukaemia, but they can include the following:

Fever, chills, night sweats and other flu-like symptoms
Weakness and fatigue
Swollen or bleeding gums
Headaches
Enlarged liver and spleen
Swollen tonsils
Bone pain
Paleness
Pinhead-size red spots on the skin
Weightloss

How Is Leukaemia Treated?

Your doctor will conduct a complete blood count (CBC) to determine if you have leukaemia. This test will reveal if you have leukaemic cells, or abnormal levels of white blood cells; both are signs of leukaemia. Abnormally low red blood cell or platelet counts can also indicate leukaemia. If you test positive for leukaemia, your doctor will perform a biopsy of your bone marrow to determine which type you have.

Treatment depends on your age, general health, and type of leukaemia. You might receive a combination of treatments that could include chemotherapy, biological therapy, radiation therapy, and stem cell transplantation. Patients with acute leukaemia often undergo chemotherapy because this type of treatment targets fast-dividing cells. Many acute leukaemia patients have responded successfully to treatment. On the other hand, because the cells divide more slowly in chronic leukaemia, it is better treated with targeted therapies that attack slowly dividing cells as opposed to traditional chemotherapy that targets rapidly dividing cells.

For some patients, participating in a clinical trial provides access to experimental therapies. If you are diagnosed with leukemia, talk with your doctor about whether joining a clinical trial is right for you.

Is Leukaemia Preventable?

Because the cause of leukaemia remains unknown, there is no certain way to prevent it. However, avoiding exposure to solvents, such as benzene and toluene, and unnecessary exposure to x-rays is generally good practice. If you think you may be exhibiting signs of leukaemia, being aware of the risk factors and symptoms and talking with your doctor are critical to early diagnosis and treatment. It is especially important for people who have a family history of leukaemia to be aware of symptoms and share their family medical history with their doctors.

Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia: A Patient’s Journey

Where Can I Find More Information?

If you find that you are interested in learning more about blood diseases and disorders, here are a few other resources that may be of some help:

Results of Clinical Studies Published in Blood

Search Blood, the official journal of ASH, for the results of the latest blood research. While recent articles generally require a subscriber login, patients interested in viewing an access-controlled article in Blood may obtain a copy by e-mailing a request to the Blood Publishing Office.

Patient Groups

A list of Web links to patient groups and other organizations that provide information.